The 116th Congress has been the most racially and ethnically diverse in U.S. history, with 56 Black members, 43 Hispanic members, 17 Asian members, and four Native American members. Volume 52, Issue 3. 1992 also saw the rise of an increased participation of women in Congress, particularly Democratic women, and this number has increased steadily over the years. (Eds.). - Volume 55 Issue 2. A., & Marmor, T. R. (1981). The first disadvantage is that descriptive research requires more skills. In: Danielsen, H., Jegerstedt, K., Muriaas, R., Ytre-Arne, B. Minorities have endured many forms of social injustices. 2 Winter 2014, Intersecting Interests: Gender, Race and Congressional Attention to Womens Issues, RETHINKING WOMEN'S SUBSTANTIVE REPRESENTATION. Pros and Cons of Descriptive Research. They chant Christopher Columbus sailed the ocean blue in 1492 and harmoniously sing patriotic songs such as The Star Spangled Banner while being utterly oblivious of Americas corrupt political system. Access to content on Oxford Academic is often provided through institutional subscriptions and purchases. (2005a). 1. It could be argued that PR delivers fairer treatment of minority parties and independent candidates. They may sometimes also include analytic work (comparing factors "" see below). While this is an enormous step, indicative of progression, corrupt politicians many times can use such incentives to implement manipulative and unscrupulous tactics to gain support from minority groups. While this observation highlights why it is impossible to include every subgroup all the time, it should not distract from the need of including ethnic and regional minorities in processes of decision-making, and certainly not be seen as a licence to exclude large groups of society. Studies of the representation of minority interests in the era following the enactment Quota problems: Combating the dangers of essentialism. Economics and Philosophy, 11, 2556. In her successful 1970 congressional campaign, Bella Abzug (b) declared, This womans place is in the House the House of Representatives!. You do not currently have access to this chapter. Oslo: Scandinavian University Press. Her work has appeared on various digital properties, including USAToday.com. It is great to see people who feel like they are finally getting the representation they deserve. It is different from exploratory research in that it is typically more focused on a certain unknown or unproven aspect of the project. In academic and professional environments, researchers often take on research projects before making definitive statements or taking action involving the subject matter. A personal account can be used to get email alerts, save searches, purchase content, and activate subscriptions. Descriptive representation is the concept that those who represent the American people should not only have the same political interest, but should also mirror the demographic makeup of the people. In Y. Galligan (Ed. Summarize a large amount of data in a visual, easily interpretable form Make trends easier to highlight than tables do it helps in studying patterns over long period of time it is used to compare data sets. Feminism, epistemology and morality. Race has been a long-standing and stubborn dividing line in local, state, and national politics in the United States (Rogers 6). License Terms: Download for free at http://cnx.org/contents/9e28f580-0d1b-4d72-8795-c48329947ac2@1. Holst, C. (2014). It evaluates empirical evidence on the impact of race, gender, and ethnicity on the behavior of legislators. Movies represent cultural values and Disney's legacy of mostly white princesses depicts our racist society. Legal harmonization and intersectionality in Swedish and Norwegian anti-discrimination reform. 1. At extended last, mindful neighbors will probably concur upon common issues and cooperate to explain, As we look at social disorganization theory we knew that they were using spatial maps to look at the locations of juveniles. There are many different types of data presentation. Because of such instances, today, many political representatives attempt to practice descriptive representation which promotes racial unity. The collection of data is quick and easy to conduct, especially when doing surveys. Perhaps the strongest argument for descriptive research is the fact that it offers well-rounded support for a Applicable. Secondly, response rate is low in this research. It is based on the belief that constituents are more effectively represented by legislators who are similar to them in key demographic characteristics as gender, ethnicity, or religion. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage. Representing consumer institutions: The case of American health planning. To save this article to your Kindle, first ensure coreplatform@cambridge.org is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Goodin highlights that legislatures and governments need not include all groups and subgroups in society to represent the fact of diversity. Descriptive Representation and Intergroup Relations in Comparative Perspective. In this way, it couldn't just be that distinctive individuals lived in the high-wrongdoing territories than in the low-wrongdoing zones. Copyright 2023 Leaf Group Ltd. / Leaf Group Media, All Rights Reserved. Princeton: Princeton University Press. One of the biggest advantages of descriptive research is that it allows you to analyze facts and helps you in developing an in-depth understanding of the research problem. Goodin (2004) highlights that there is a tension between including members from different groups and subgroups on the one hand, and the practical ability to debate in the legislature thus rob them of the possibility of substantively represent their particular subgroup. 3. Some societies use Oxford Academic personal accounts to provide access to their members. (1995). Woocommerce Remove Product Attribute Programmatically, The contention is that such similarity in success prospects requires social and economic redistribution and not only anti-discrimination and equal treatment (what Rawls refers to as formal equal opportunities). In the wake of the Civil Rights Movement, African American representatives also began to enter Congress in increasing numbers. In contexts of group mistrust and uncrystallized interests, the better communication and experiential Like all different types of research, descriptive research has both advantages and disadvantages. Caption. Your browser seems to have Javascript disabled. Cookies are small files that are stored on your browser. While skeptics argue that the switch to MMP will evoke havoc and mark the end of a decisive government, the pros of proportional representation outweigh the cons. Measures like percentiles and quartiles become very useful in this area of expertise. African Americans were routinely deprived of the opportunity to participate in democracy, and Hispanics and other minority groups were fairly insignificant in number and excluded by the states. Kymlicka, W. (1993). Descriptive representation occurs when elected politicians are typical of the larger class of persons that they represent, such that blacks represent blacks, disabled people represent disabled people and so on. In summary, we use cookies to ensure that we give you the best experience on our website. A theory of justice. Rational deliberation among experts and citizens. Galligan, Y. In some cases, representation can seem to have very little to do with the substantive issues representatives in Congress tend to debate. Emerald: Bingley. Proportional representation is a system of political representation that has been growing by leaps and bounds. Explaining Ethnic Minority Preferences in Bulgarian Elections, Descriptive Representation: Understanding the Impact of Identity on Substantive Representation of Group Interests, Politics at the Intersection: A Cross-National Analysis of Minority Women's Legislative Representation, Electoral Systems and Citizen-Elite Ideological Congruence, Womens Representation via Parliamentary Questions (with Sven Schiltz), Regendering party politics: An introduction, Religious Identity and Descriptive Representation, THE STATE OF DEMOCRACY AND REPRESENTATION IN AUSTRALIA, Voting Locally Abstaining Nationally: Descriptive Representation, Substantive Representation and Minority Voters Turnout, Activating Human Rights and Peace: Universal Responsibility Conference 2008 Conference Proceedings, Personal Attributes and Latino Voting Behavior in Congress, Between Science and Engineering: Reflections on the APSA Presidential Task Force on Political Science, Electoral Rules, and Democratic Governance. Ethics, 91, 431450. This is the conceptual view of the end product, whatever the owner can think about relative to its use. One of the critical factors in understanding why a few blocks are preferable at controlling wrongdoing over others needs to do with open communities connections among individuals in the area. 2023 Springer Nature Switzerland AG. The debate about descriptive vs inferential statistics takes away from crafting a more holistic approach. The extent to which a representative resembles those being represented. to the people they represent. 1. Should blacks represent blacks and women represent women? Descriptive statistics are functions of the sample data that are intrinsically interesting in describing some feature of the data. This is the case for women who remain numerically under-represented in legislatures around the world, but also ethnic minority groups, and other minorities. Wngnerud, L. (2009). Since 1992, the U.S. Congress has experienced dramatic change in the demographic makeup of its membership. Select your institution from the list provided, which will take you to your institution's website to sign in. Many advances in womens rights have been the result of womens greater engagement in politics and representation in the halls of government, especially since the founding of the National Organization for Women in 1966 and the National Womens Political Caucus (NWPC) in 1971. Main Research Question. Disadvantages include the technical precision, time and funding resources necessary to create tables and graphs. Equal opportunity and equal social outcome. As one Black representative to the U.S. Congress told Carol Swain, "One of the advantages, and disadvantages, of representing blacks is their shameless loyalty to their incumbents. Black faces, black interests: The representation of African-Americans in congress. Individuals may not be voting on individual issues within a representative democracy, but they can still have their opinions heard. 1. Furthermore, women in the profession of politics often express a lack of interest in running for office and they are often subjected to the effect of career ceilings. Berkeley: University of California Press. data sets are independent of each other most widely used method of data representation. Save my name, email, and website in this browser for the next time I comment. These descriptive The advantage is that it ensures that government sis efficient as the democratic process has included checks and balances (Regoli). PR potentially offers greater and more-representative choice for voters. This form of research provides insight on human nature, we are able to understand basic psychological processes from this. Mart, J. L. (2006). Tables can be useful if trying to. For discussions of gender quotas in corporate boards, see, for example, Engelstad and Teigen (2012). Saskatchewan Schools; Research Methods in Psychology; Dr. Mark Burgess and Dr. Stephen Kemp. Lexington: D. C. Heath. On the benefit side, intersectionality, welfare state and democratization seem to deliver several of the same goods as descriptive representation, raising the question of whether descriptive representation is at all recommendable, given what we know of its costliness. The rapid increase in the minority population has led to some backlash and challenges for law, Descriptive Representation In The United States, Descriptive representation has been on the rise for some time. London: Palgrave Macmillan. 3. Weak coalition government: Proportional representation results in a weak and indecisive coalition government since every party wants to act in their best interest or get their own way with things. In the first place, learning of our neighbors gives us the inclination that we must keep an eye out for them. Market Research World: What are The Pros and Cons of Data Collection Methods? The limitation that comes with statistics is that it can't allow you to make any sort of conclusions beyond the . In recent decades, Congress has become much more descriptively representative of the United States. Source publication Pros, Cons, and Changing Behavior: An. New York: Palgrave. (2002). If you are a member of an institution with an active account, you may be able to access content in one of the following ways: Typically, access is provided across an institutional network to a range of IP addresses. Descriptive research is a process of systematically describing and analyzing something's features, properties or characteristics. CrossRef Arena Centre for European Studies, University of Oslo, Sognsveien 68, 0855, Oslo, Norway, You can also search for this author in Ultimately, whether or not bone conduction headphones are . This process is experimental and the keywords may be updated as the learning algorithm improves. How Do Parliamentarians Define Descriptive Representation? Young, I. M. (2000). During this time more than ever, African Americans are able to speak on subjects that can affect us in the future. Some societies use Oxford Academic personal accounts to provide access to their members. Como Hacer Suero De Leche Venezolano, While Shaw and McKay created common complication hypothesis to explain variety crosswise over neighborhoods. ), Women, politics, and change (pp. 6. Often times in American history, unselected natural characteristics such as race and ethnicity have served as keen factors permitting unequal treatment of individuals and at creating barriers placing minority groups at a disadvantage when attempting to practice influence over the government. This forces the government to dissolve the coalition. It is the land of oppression to progression, yet we still wear our scars and our heads up high. $\endgroup . Additionally, how much does the ethnic composition of a district affect the chances that a Latino candidate will be elected in a given district? In 1971, to better represent their interests, these representatives founded the Congressional Black Caucus (CBC), an organization that grew out of a Democratic select committee formed in 1969. 1. Quantitative Methodology. ), Redistribution or recognition? Conservatives and right-wing liberals have traditionally opposed it, while left-wing political parties and social movements often regard quotas for marginalized groups as decisive progressive measures in struggles for democracy and justice. Phillips, A. Descriptive Representation : Brief Description. Oxford University Press is a department of the University of Oxford. She went to law school after being denied admission to medical school because of her gender. Though studies argue it influences how communities are represented through constituency service, they are limited since legislators' service activities are unobserved. In the 2012 general election, 80 percent of the candidates endorsed by EMILYs List won a seat. It helps by saving time and money while collecting data. When on the society site, please use the credentials provided by that society. The descriptive evaluation was proposed as opposed to traditional method of evaluation and it is based on new strategies for facing the government's challenges. 4. tees, and voters weigh the pros and cons of descriptive representation, this analysis argues for attention to the specific historical contexts that make descrip-tive representation most useful. I was taught to never judge someone by how they look but upon their actions. Descriptive research has advantages and disadvantages with researchers accounting for positive and negative variables. Advantage. The pros: Its the best way to collect data without bias. Gain seats easily: A party that receives a high enough percentage of votes has a seat in . MMP will give voters more power in their decisions as well as create the kind of democratic government Canada is in dire need of. Both descriptive and inferential statistics help make sense out of row after row of data! Growing up, racial profiling was never a big deal to me or my family. The flexibility of purposive sampling allows researchers to . In Australia, 'ethnic' generally has been used to refer to immigrants (and their offspring) from non-British origins.3 Regarding the definition of 'migrant', I will apply the United Nations Educational Scientific and Cultural, Under what conditions are Latinos elected to the Congress and state legislatures? 2. This form of representation is called descriptive representation. ), Representation and redistricting issues. Phillips, A. Teigen, M. (2000). I argue that race and ethnicity matter in congressional oversight of bureaucratic policymaking. The chapter discusses the costs and benefits of descriptive representation under state feminism in the light of institutional variation and the fact of reasonable normative disagreement. View the institutional accounts that are providing access. Instead, proper representation for some is rooted in the racial, ethnic, socioeconomic, gender, and sexual identity of the representatives themselves. I didnt have an opinion when surveys asked if I felt that I wasn't being treated equally to my fellow American classmate with all the same qualities I held. The classic example of this advantage is that critical sample can be useful in determining the value of an investigation, while the expert sampling approach allows for an in-depth analysis of the information that is present. Today, EMILYs List, a PAC founded in 1985 to help elect pro-choice Democratic women to office, plays a major role in fundraising for female candidates. If you are doing a comparison between two products, you might give one product an unfair advantage to get the desired results. Experimental research offers the highest levels of control. It is also known as the linear sequential model. Descriptive Representation: Factors that Contribute to the Underrepresentation of Hispanic-Americans in The U.S. House of Representatives According to the U.S. Census Bureau, the Hispanic population in the United States is fifty-four million. In J. Klausen & C. Maier (Eds. Shibboleth / Open Athens technology is used to provide single sign-on between your institutions website and Oxford Academic. In the end, there is however a set of remaining pro arguments suggesting that descriptive representation produces some exclusive benefits. My examination of hearing transcripts from the 107th Congress indicates that minority legislators are more likely than white legislators to participate in racial-oversight hearings but not more likely than whites to participate in social welfare hearings. If you believe you should have access to that content, please contact your librarian. Prescriptive and descriptive theorists differ on their approach to instruction. Acceptability: Such a report is acceptable to busy persons because it easily highlights the theme of the report. Because it is so varied in method and usage, researchers favor its use in many different fields including marketing, medical health, science and psychology. Given Australia's ethnic diversity, it is agreed by most political and sociological scholars that such diversity is lacking in Australian legislative bodies.1 A point of contention lies in whether MEM representatives are able to actually implement legislation that will represent the views of minorities in their electorate (substantive representation) or whether the number of MEM representatives in legislative bodies is sufficient for representation (descriptive representation).2 In this essay, after discussing the benefits and limitations of descriptive and substantive representation, I will argue that both theories are linked because elected minority representatives are often best equipped at dealing with the issues of minorities and that MEM representatives have a positive impact on voters. This leaves lasting impacts, not only emotionally, but mentally and psychologically as well. Often, tracking down survey groups that can provide pertinent data costs a significant amount of time and money. It doesn't answer the question "why", which makes it limited and won't come up with the cause and effect of a research topic. Princeton: Princeton University Press. For example, raw numbers may show that people are more prone to a specific behavior, but an interview will explain why this behavior is occurring. Because it relies on such a range of different methods, it is considered a holistic approach to a subject. A main aspect of marginalization. When nondescriptive representatives have, for various reasons, greater SDLC models might have a different approach but the basic phases and activity remain the same for all the models. Equality of opportunity. Your email address will not be published. Undocumented Youth and Collective Representation in the U.S. Congress, Good Practices of Indigenous Political Participation: Maori Participation in New Zealand Elective Bodies, Race, Bureaucracy, and Symbolic Representation: Interactions Between Citizens and Police, Conditioning Descriptive Representation: Institutional Moderation of Unique Group Perspectives in Legislative Debates, Political Participation of Australian Muslims, Minority Representation, Empowerment, and Participation, Morals or money? Apart from it, if you've collected data on multiple variables, you can use the Bivariate or Multivariate descriptive statistics to study . Part of Springer Nature. Inspection; Surface Mount; Test; Through-Hole; Menu Advantages and disadvantages of descriptive research. in or register, Sawer, M. (2002). Rawls, J. It is complicated: One of the major draw back of this system is that it is too confusing. The Pros And Cons Of Using Clicker. (1996). Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. However, its not unheard of for it to happen when two buyers are using the same agent. In academic and professional environments, researchers often take on research projects before making definitive statements or taking action involving the subject matter. As countries become more and more divers, they are looking for better understanding on descriptive representation and the driving force in regards to the minorities within their nation state. Minorities can be said to place themselves at a disadvantage because of their vulnerability and stubborn inability to, The fact that the social disorganization theory is pretty much you will that one one individual is influence of the people around him if he is in a neighbor hood known of robberies then the individual is more than likely going to be doing robberies. Descriptivists allow for change and are willing to forgo some rules to fit current norms. In K. Ross (Ed. A software life cycle model is a descriptive representation of the software development cycle. Nevertheless in a country where nearly 50% of Americans under 18 are minorities, the future looks quite hopeful for real change. Weak coalition government:Proportional representation results in a weak and indecisive coalition government since every party wants to act in their best interest or get their own way with things. Toggle navigation. Women in parliaments: Descriptive and substantive representation. Register or login to make commenting easier. The Pros and Cons of Writing Description. Letters can be written to their representatives. Disadvantages of proportional representation. With descriptive representation, decision makers will be more diverse and may therefore be more likely to listen to the input of more diverse citizens, to give and receive from them the kind of information that is relevant to their concerns, and to respond to their expressed needs (Broockman, 2013). 2. The notions of women-centred/intersectional state feminism, state feminism with/without a welfare state and with/without democratization should be thought of in terms of Weberian ideal types. A political-philosophical exchange. Affordable. From class actions to Miss Saigon. Pros. Pitkin, H. F. (1972). The safest position would be to say that results are "mixed . Journal of European Social Policy, 19(1), 1933. The second pro argument says that descriptive representation contributes exactly on this point, as far as social and cultural research show not only that people with significant descriptive characteristics may have overlapping experiences and interests shaping political preferences, but also that they communicate better among themselvesthe communication It makes things easier for extreme parties to gain representation. Advantages and disadvantages of descriptive representation Descriptive representation is where people are allowed to vote for leaders who they feel mirror their beliefs.
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